Iranian Journal of Materials Science and Engineering

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Abstract: Static recrystallization (SRX) behavior of a composite based 7075 Aluminum alloy reinforced with SiC particles was studied during annealing the deformed samples at high temperatures. The results showed an absence of SRX in the samples annealed after hot working at the same deformation temperature, however, a rise in annealing temperature of 100-1500 􀁱C above that the deformation temperature led to full recrystallization. This can be ascribed to the relatively moderate dynamic recovery and the presence of dispersions which stabilize the substructure. Particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) had a significant effect on the grain size in deformed samples at low temperature, but no PSN was observed in samples strained at high temperatures. The possible cause might be that at high temperature the dislocations can be annihilated by climb process around the particles together with the absence of deformation zone for nucleating the recrystallization.

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Abstract:

transformation temperature and different ferrite morphologies in one Nb-microalloyed (HSLA) steel has been

investigated. Three different austenite grain sizes were selected and cooled at two different cooling rates for obtaining

austenite to ferrite transformation temperature. Moreover, samples with specific austenite grain size have been

quenched, partially, for investigation on the microstructural evolution.

In order to assess the influence of austenite grain size on the ferrite transformation temperature, a temperature

differences method (TDM) is established and found to be a good way for detection of austenite to ferrite, pearlite and

sometimes other ferrite morphologies transformation temperatures.

The results obtained in this way show that increasing of austenite grain size and cooling rate has a significant influence

on decreasing of the ferrite transformation temperature.

Micrographs of different ferrite morphologies show that at high temperatures, where diffusion rates are higher, grain

boundary ferrite nucleates. As the temperature is lowered and the driving force for ferrite formation increases,

intragranular sites inside the austenite grains become operative as nucleation sites and suppress the grain boundary

ferrite growth. The results indicate that increasing the austenite grain size increases the rate and volume fraction of

intragranular ferrite in two different cooling rates. Moreover, by increasing of cooling rate, the austenite to ferrite

transformation temperature decreases and volume fraction of intragranular ferrite increases.

The effect of different austenite grain size and different cooling rates on the austenite to ferrite

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Abstract: The supersolidus liquid phase sintering characteristics of commercial 2024 pre-alloyed powder was studied at different sintering conditions. Pre-alloyed 2024 aluminum alloy powder was produced via air atomizing process with particle size of less than 100 µm. The solidus and liquidus temperatures of the produced alloy were determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The sintering process was performed at various temperatures ranging from the solidus to liquidus temperatures in dry N2 gas atmosphere for 30 min in a tube furnace. The maximum density of the 2024 aluminum alloy was obtained at 610ºC which yields parts with a relative density of 98.8% of the theoretical density. The density of the sintered samples increased to the maximum 99.3% of the theoretical density with the addition of 0.1 wt. %Sn powder to the 2024 pre-alloyed powder. The maximum density was obtained at 15% liquid volume fraction for both powder mixtures.

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Microstructure and properties of the Al-6Si-0.3Mg alloys containing scandium (0.2 to 0.6wt %) were investigated. The microstructure was observed by optical microscopy, the hardness was determined by Vickers tester and phase transformation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. The results showed that scandium can refine dendrites, enhance hardness in the aged alloys and suppress softening effect during prolonged ageing treatment.

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In this study the effect of Al–5Ti–1B grain refiner on the structural characteristics and wear properties of Al–12Zn–3Mg–2.5Cu alloy was investigated. The optimum amount for Ti containing grain refiners was selected as 2 wt.%. T6 heat treatment, (i.e. heating at 460 °C for 1 h before water quenching to room temperature and then aging at 120 °C for 24 h) was applied for all specimens before wear testing. Dry sliding wear resistant of the alloy was performed under normal atmospheric conditions. The experimental results showed that the T6 heat treatment considerably improved the resistance of Al–12Zn–3Mg–2.5Cu alloy to dry sliding wear.

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In this research, variant selection of martensite transformed from ultrafine-grained (UFG) austenite fabricated by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process and subsequent annealing was investigated with respect tomorphology of parentaustenitic phase. The results show that the original shape of austenite grain is very effective factor in determiningthe preferred variants of martensite transformed from the elongated ultrafine-grained austenite fabricated by 6-cycles via the ARB process. Annealing treatment of the austenitic samples subjected to the 6-cycle ARB processed at 873 K for 1.8 ks suppressed the variant selection by changing the morphology of austenite grains from elongated ultrafine-grains to fully-recrystallized and equiaxed fine-grains

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In this research accumulative roll bonding process as sever plastic deformation process was applied up to 8 cycles to produce the ultrafine grain copper. Microstructure of cycle 1, cycle 4 and cycle 8 investigated by TEM images. By analyzing TEM images the grain size measured below 100 nm in cycle 8 and it was with an average grain size of 200 nm. Corrosion resistance of rolled copper strips in comparing with unrolled copper strip was investigated in acidic (pH=2) 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution. Potentiodynamic polarization and EIS tests used for corrosion resistance investigations. The corrosion morphologies analyzed by FE-SEM microscopy after polarization test and immersion for 40 hours. Results show that the corrosion resistance decreased up to cycle 2 and increased after rolled for forth time. The corrosion degradation was more intergranular in cycle 2 and unrolled counterpart. It was more uniform rather than intergranular type in cycle 8. Corrosion current density in unrolled sample (2.55 µAcm -2 ) was about two times of that in cycle 8 (1.45 µAcm -2 ). The higher corrosion rate in cycle 2 in comparison with others was attributed to unstable microstructure and increase in dislocation density whereas the uniform corrosion in cycle 8 was due to stable UFG formation

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In this study, Al2014 alloy refined with Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy was prepared by strain-induced melt activated (SIMA) process. The main variables of the SIMA process were cold working, holding time and temperature in semi-solid state. Cold working was applied on specimens by upsetting technique to achieve 10%, 20% and 30% height reduction. Cold worked specimens were heat treated in semi-solid state at 585 °C, 595 °C, 605 °C, 615 °C, 625 °C and 635 °C and were kept in these temperatures for different times (20 and 30 min). Observations through optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microstructural evaluation. The results revealed that fine and globular microstructures are obtained by applying 30 % height reduction percentage and heat treating in 625 °C for 30 min. Comparison between refined and unrefined Al2014 alloy after applying SIMA process showed that Al-5%Ti-1%B master alloy has no significant effect on average globule size but makes the final structure more globular.

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In this study, Boron carbide was synthesized using Mesoporous Carbon CMK-1, Boron oxide, and magnesiothermic reduction process. The Effects of temperature and magnesium grain size on the formation of boron carbide were studied using nano composite precurser containg mesoporous carbon. Samples were leached in 2M Hydrochloric acid to separate Mg, MgO and magnesium-borat phases. SEM, XRD and Xray map analysis were caried out on the leached samples to characterize the  boron carbide. results showed that the reaction efficiency developed in samples with weight ratio of B₂O₃:C:Mg = 11:1.5:12, by increasing the temperature from 550 to 650 °C and magnesium powder size from 0.3 m to 3 m.

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In this paper, cyclic flaring and sinking (CFS) as a new severe plastic deformation (SPD) method was employed to produce the ultrafine grain (UFG) copper tubes. The extra friction has eliminated in the CFS method that provided the possibility for production of longer UFG tubes compared to the other SPD methods. This process was done periodically to apply more strain and consequently finer grain size and better mechanical properties. The CFS was performed successfully on pure copper tubes up to eleven cycles. Mechanical properties of the initial and processed tubes were extracted from tensile tests in the different cycles. The remarkable increase in strength and decrease in ductility take placed in the CFS-ed tubes. The material flow behavior during CFS processing was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), and a model was presented for grain refinement mechanism of pure copper based on multiplication and migration of dislocations (MMD). This mechanism caused that the initial grains converts to elongated dislocation cells (subgrains) and then to equiaxed ultrafine grains in the higher cycles. The CFS method refined the microstructure to fine grains with the mean grain size of 1200nm from initial coarse grain size of 40µm

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Spread extrusion is a capable method to produce different samples with a wider cross-section from the smaller billets in a single processing pass. In this study, dish-shaped samples are successfully produced from the as-cast cylindrical AM60 magnesium alloy at 300 °C, the mechanical properties and microstructural changes of the final specimens are precisely evaluated. Due to the high amount of plastic strain, which is applied to the initial billet during the material flow in the expansion process, grain refinement occurred as a result of recrystallization and subsequently good mechanical properties achieved. Therefore, mean grain size reduced from 160 µm to 14 µm and initial equiaxed grains changed to the elongated ones surrounded by fine grains. Also, microhardness measurements indicate that hardness increased from 51 Hv to 70 Hv. Some fluctuations were also observed in the hardness profile of the sample which was mainly related to the bimodal structure of the final microstructure. Good mechanical properties, fine microstructure, and also the ability to produce samples with higher cross-section make the spread extrusion process a promising type of extrusion.

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In the present work, accumulative roll bonding (ARB) was used as an effective method for processed of nano/ultrafine grained AA6063 alloy. Microstructural characteristics indicate considerable grain refinement leading to an average grain size of less than 200 nm after 7 ARB cycles. Texture analysis showed that 1-cycle ARB formed a strong texture near Copper component ({112}<111>). However, texture transition appeared by increasing the number of ARB cycles and after 7-cycle of ARB, the texture was mainly developed close to Rotated Cube component ({100}<110>). The results originated from mechanical properties indicated a substantial increment in strength and microhardness besides a meaningful drop of ductility after 7 ARB cycles.

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A full factorial design of experiment was applied running 36 experiments to investigate the effects of milling parameters including cutting speed with three levels of 62.83, 94.24 and 125.66 m/min, feed rate with three levels of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mm/tooth, cutting depth with two levels of 0.5 and 1 mm and machining media with two levels, on surface integration properties of magnesium AZ91C alloy such as grain size, secondary phase percent, surface microhardness and surface roughness. In all cases, a fine grained surface with higher secondary phase sediment and microhardness obtained comparing the raw material. According to analysis of variance results, the most effective parameter on grain size, secondary phase percent and microhardness was cutting depth and the most effective parameter on surface roughness was feed rate. although the grain size in all machined samples was smaller than that of the raw material but due to the dual effect of cryogenic conditions, which both cool and lubricate and reduce the temperature and strain rate at the same time, the direct effect of this parameter on grain size was not significant. Also, the all interaction effects of parameters on grain size and microhardness were significant.

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Friction-Stir Processing (FSP) was applied on AA1050 Aluminum Alloy (AA) to find the highest mechanical properties among 28 combinations of the rotational and traverse speed (800-2000 rpm and 50-200 mm.min^-1) and four different tool probe shapes (threaded, columnar, square and triangle). To this aim, the AA standard sheet went through a single pass of FSP. The 1600 rpm and 100 mm.min^-1 with threaded tool probe was chosen as the best combination of rotational and traverse speed. Grain size at the Stirred Zone (SZ) was studied using Optical Microscopy (OM). The results showed that the SZ’s grain size was refined from 30 μm down to about 12 μm due to dynamic recrystallization during FSP. The processed sample exhibited improved hardness, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, elongation up to 65, 80, 66, and 14%, respectively, compared to the annealed AA sample. Studying fractographic features by OM and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) revealed a dominantly ductile fracture behavior.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles were synthesized by green combustion method using indium (In) and tin (Sn) as precursors, and Carica papaya seed extract as novel fuel. This paper highlights effect of tin concentration (5%, 10% and 50%) on microstructural, optical and electrical properties of ITO nanoparticles (NPs). The indium nitrate and tin nitrate solution along with the fuel were heated at 600 °C for 1 h in muffle furnace and obtained powder was calcinated at 650 °C for 3 h to produce ITO NPs. The above properties were investigated using XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM and computer controlled impedance analyser. The XRD, SEM and TEM investigations reveals the synthesized NPs were spherical in shape with an increase in average grain size (17.66 to 35 nm) as Sn concentration increases. FTIR investigations confirms the In-O bonding. The optical properties results revealed that the ITO NPs band gap decreased from 3.21 to 2.98 eV with increase in Sn concentration. The ac conductivity of ITO NPs was found to increase with increase in Sn concentration. These synthesised ITO NPs showed the excellent properties for emerging sensor and optical device application.

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Deformation-induced α΄-martensite generally forms at shear bands in the coarse-grained austenite, while it nucleates at grain boundaries in the ultrafine-grained (UFG) austenite. The available kinetics models are related to the nucleation on the shear band intersections, and hence, their application to investigating the kinetics of α΄-martensite formation for the UFG regime cannot be justified. Accordingly, in the present work, the general Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK-type) model was implemented for comparing the kinetics of α΄-martensite formation in the UFG and coarse-grained regimes using an AISI 304L stainless steel. On the experimental front, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) maps were used for phase and microstructural analyses, respectively. It was revealed that the simple JMAK-type model, by considering the dependency of the volume fraction of α΄-martensite on the strain, is useful for modeling the experimental data, predicting the nucleation sites based on the theoretical Avrami exponents, and characterizing the transformation kinetics at low and high strains.

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Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is a variant of sheet lamination additive manufacturing used to produce large, near-net-shaped 3D parts. Unlike traditional friction stir lap welding, FSAM introduces a new plate to one that is already joined, with the effective area limited to the nugget zone. The present study focuses on exploring the microstructure and microhardness around the nugget zone in a five-plate AA 7075-T651 laminate synthesized at 1000 rpm and 35 mm/min. Microhardness increased vertically in the weldment NZ, reaching 143 HV in the top layer with 2.0 μm fine equiaxed grains. The grains on the advancing and retreating sides were coarser compared to the nugget zone. A W-shaped microhardness profile appeared across layer interfaces. These findings contribute significantly to advancing the FSAM technique, particularly in manufacturing multi-layered, multi-pass laminates.