Showing 16 results for Crystallization
Fatemi-Varzaneh S.m., Zarei-Hanzaki A.,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (9-2005)
Abstract
AZ31 magnesium alloy is considered as a promising alloy in various applications and industries. Furthermore, to design a proper hot working process (rolling, forging and extrusion), the assessment of hot working behaviour of the alloy is necessary. Accordingly, the hot deformation behaviour of AZ31 alloy was studied through hot compression testing method This was carried out in a wide range of temperature (523K to 783K) and strain rates. The obtained true stress-true strain curves and final microstructures were examined and a partial melting was realized at 740K. It was concluded that the presence of liquid did change the deformation mechanisms thereby affecting the flow behaviour.
A. Razaghian, T. Chandra2,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (6-2007)
Abstract
Abstract: Static recrystallization (SRX) behavior of a composite based 7075 Aluminum alloy
reinforced with SiC particles was studied during annealing the deformed samples at high
temperatures. The results showed an absence of SRX in the samples annealed after hot working at
the same deformation temperature, however, a rise in annealing temperature of 100-1500 C above
that the deformation temperature led to full recrystallization. This can be ascribed to the relatively
moderate dynamic recovery and the presence of dispersions which stabilize the substructure.
Particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) had a significant effect on the grain size in deformed samples
at low temperature, but no PSN was observed in samples strained at high temperatures. The
possible cause might be that at high temperature the dislocations can be annihilated by climb
process around the particles together with the absence of deformation zone for nucleating the
recrystallization.
M. S. Kaiser, A. S. W. Kurny,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2011)
Abstract
Microstructure and properties of the Al-6Si-0.3Mg alloys containing scandium (0.2 to 0.6wt %) were investigated. The microstructure was observed by optical microscopy, the hardness was determined by Vickers tester and phase transformation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. The results showed that scandium can refine dendrites, enhance hardness in the aged alloys and suppress softening effect during prolonged ageing treatment.
M. Rezvani,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2011)
Abstract
The effect of Y2O3, CeO2, P2O5, ZrO2 and TiO2 in single, double and triple form on crystallization mechanism of Li2OAl2O3- SiO2(LAS) glass-ceramic system was investigated .The nucleation and crystallization peak temperatures of optimized samples in each group were determined by Ray & Day method .The crystalline phase was determined by the X-ray diffractometery .The micro-structure of the samples was studied by SEM techniqe .Crystallization activation energy ,E, and kinetic constants(n ,m) were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) through Marotta and Augis-Bennet methods .According to the results ,the Avrami constants(m ,n) derived from the Marotta and Augis- Bennett, glasses containing both ZrO2 and TiO2 nuclei were showed bulk crystallization .The crystallization mechanism of specimens containing ZrO2, TiO2 and CeO2 in the triple nuclei series represent two-dimensional bulk crystallization .By comparison of Avrami constants and activation energy of crystallization of optimized samples with other results they gave much lower value of E(255.5 kJ/mol) and higher value of n in 4.38.The lattice constants of the main phase( -eucryptite solid solution)in samples were determined according to the XRD results
F. Khorasanizadeh, B. Eftekhari Yekta, Y. Safaei-Naeini,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Abstract:Some types of glass and glass ceramics have a great potential for making bone tissue engineering scaffolds, drug carrier and bone cements as they can bond to host bone, stimulate bone cells toward osteogenesis, and resorb at the same time as the bone is repaired. Calcium phosphate glass ceramics have very attractive properties that allow them to use in bone tissue engineering. Calcium phosphate glasses could be used for the fabrication of resorbable constructs, with controlled biodegradability. This work was investigated crystallization and sinterability of biodegradable glass ceramics in the CaO–P2O5–Na2O–TiO2 system using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sinterability of the glasses also was investigated by measurement of sintering parameters. Different thermal treatments were applied to control the degree of devitrification of glasses. In the developed glass ceramics Ca2P2O7 were the first phase to precipitate in the mother glass structure, followed by Ca(PO3)2 and TiP2O7 at elevated temperature. Ca2P2O7 and Ca(PO3)2 seem to have a very positive effect in bone formation in vivo. It is therefore expected that glass ceramics understudy have good potential to be used for bone regeneration applications
M. S. Kaiser,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2014)
Abstract
The evaluation of texture as a function of recrystallization has been characterized for directly cold rolled Al-6Mg, Al-6Mg-0.4Sc and Al-6Mg-0.4Sc-0.2Zr alloys. Samples were annealed isothermally at 400 °C for 1 to 240 minutes to allow recrystallization. Recrystallization kinetics of the alloys is analyzed from the micro-hardness variation. Isothermally annealed samples of aluminum alloys were also studied using JMAK type analysis to see if there exists any correlation between the methods. Recrystallization fraction behavior between two methods the scandium added alloys show the higher variation due to precipitation hardening and higher recrystallization behavior. The scandium and zirconium as a combined shows the more variation due to formation of Al3(Sc, Zr) precipitate. From the microstructure it is also observed that the base Al-Mg alloy attained almost fully re-crystallized state after annealing at 400 °C for 60 minutes
M. Shaban Ghazani, A. Vajd, B. Mosadeg,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2015)
Abstract
The aim of the present study is the prediction of critical conditions (including critical strain and flow stress)
for the initiation of dynamic recrystallization during thermo-mechanical processing of plain carbon steels. For this
propose, torsion tests were conducted at different temperature (1050, 1100 and 1150˚C) and strain rates (0.002, 0.02
and 0.2/s). All flow curves showed a peak stress indicating that dynamic recrystallization occurs during hot
deformation. The critical stress and strain were then determined based on change in strain hardening rate as a function
of flow stress. Finally, the effect of deformation conditions on these parameters was analyzed.
S. Ahmadi, H. R. Shahverdi,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2015)
Abstract
Crystallization of α – Fe phase during annealing process of Fe55Cr18Mo7B16C4 bulk amorphous alloy has
been evaluated by X- ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetric tests and TEM observations in this research.
In effect, crystallization mechanism and activation energy of crystallization were evaluated using DSC tests in four
different heating rates (10, 20, 30, 40 K/min). A two -step crystallization process was observed in the alloy in which
α–Fe phases was crystallized in the first step after annealing process. Activation energy for the first step of
crystallization process (i.e. α – Fe phase) was measured to be 276 (Kj/mole) according to Kissinger kinetic model.
Furthermore, Avrami exponent calculated from DSC curves was two and a three -dimensional diffusion controlled
mechanism with decreasing nucleation rate was observed in the alloy. It is also known from the TEM observations that
crystalline α – Fe phase nucleated in the structure of the alloy in an average size of 10 nm and completely mottled
morphology
. S. Khani, . M. T. Salehi, . H. R. Samim, Prof. M. R. Aboutalebi, . H. Palkowski,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2016)
Abstract
The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of a magnesium cast alloy (AZ31) processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at two different temperatures were investigated. The as-cast alloy with an average grain size of 360 was significantly refined to about 5 after four ECAP passes at 543 K. Grain refinement was achieved through dynamic recrystallization (DRX) during the ECAP process in which the formation of necklace-type structure and bulging of original grain boundaries would be the main mechanisms. ECAP processing at lower temperature resulted in finer recrystallized grains and also a more homogenous microstructure. The mechanical behavior was investigated at room temperature by tensile tests. The obtained results showed that the ECAP processing can basically improve both strength and ductility of the cast alloy. However, the lower working temperature led to higher yield and ultimate strength of the alloy.
M. Nouri, P. Alizadeh, M. Tavoosi,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (9-2017)
Abstract
In this study, the crystallization behavior of a 65GeO2-15PbO-10MgF2-10MgO glass (prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique) has been investigated. The microstructure and crystallization behaviors of this glass were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), non-isothermal differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results demonstrated that a fully glassy phase can successfully be prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique exhibiting one-stage crystallization on heating, i.e., the glassy phase transforms into crystalline MgGeO3 and Pb5GeO7 phases. The activation energy for the crystallization, evaluated from the Kissinger equation, was approximately 202±5 kJ/mole using the peak temperature of the exothermic reaction. The Avrami exponent or reaction order, n, indicates the nucleation rate in this glass to increase with time and the crystallization to be governed by a three-dimensional interface-controlled growth.
S. Mirzaei, H. Saghafian, A. Beitollahi, J. Świerczek, P. Tiberto,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
In the present research, rapidly solidified Fe85.3B11P3Cu0.7 ribbons were prepared by melt spinning process. The microstructural variation as well as magnetic properties of the as-spun and annealed ribbons were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission Mossbauer spectroscopy and alternating gradient field magnetometer (AGFM). The results show two separated distinct exothermic peaks during heating resulting from the phase transition from amorphous to α-Fe and then to Fe3B, respectively. The study of magnetic properties in the amorphous and nanocrystalline states revealed that annealing the amorphous ribbons at 440˚C for 10 minutes gives rise to a significant increase in saturation magnetization (220 emu/g) which makes this alloy a good candidate for power applications.
S. Agbolaghi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
Confined and unconfined crystallizations of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were studied in the solution-grown supramolecules and melt-grown systems using a differential scanning calorimeter. The carbon nanotube (CNT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their functionalized (CNT-f-COOTh and rGO-f-TAA) and grafted (CNT-g-PDDT and rGO-g-PDDT) derivatives were employed to develop the samples. The absorbance, structure details via Scherrer formula, fusion enthalpy (ΔHm) and crystallinity (Xc) were measured in two distinct confined/unconfined crystallization environments. Although the functionalized-CNT/rGO precursors partially reduced the crystallite qualities with respect to the pristine CNT and rGO ones in the solution-grown supramolecules, they did not affect the structural properties in the melt-grown samples. Grafted carbonic materials could be considered as appropriate seeds for the arrangement of P3HTs in both solution and melt crystallizations. The best absorbances, larger and more compact crystals, and higher melting point, ΔHm, and Xc values were recorded for the pre-developed CNT-g-PDDT/P3HT stem-leaf (6.09–22.51 nm, 3.52–13.89 Å, 239.8 °C, 30.86 J/g and 83.40%) and rGO-g-PDDT/P3HT coarse-patched (5.96–20.76 nm, 3.57–13.95 Å, 237.6 °C, 29.13 J/g and 78.73%) supramolecules. Although the melt-grown CNT-g-PDDT/P3HT (201.4 °C, 215.3 °C, 16.22 J/g and 43.84%) and rGO-g-PDDT/P3HT (205.4 °C, 218.8 °C, 18.06 J/g and 48.81%) nanostructures were not as perfect as the respective solution-grown nano-hybrids, they were well-arranged with respect to the CNT/P3HT, CNT-f-COOTh/P3HT, rGO/P3HT and rGO-f-TAA/P3HT samples
S. Mortezaei, H. Arabi, H. Seyedein, A. Momeny, M. Soltanalinezhad,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) is one of the likely mechanisms for fine-graining in metals and alloys. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) phenomena occurs in different thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) conditions for various metallic materials. DRX depends on various materials and thermo-mechanical parameters such as temperature, strain rate, strain, stress and initial microstructure. in the present study, the restoration mechanism of the 17-7PH stainless steel has been investigated using a hot compression test under different conditions of thermo-mechanical treatment. The microstructural characteristics and the behavior of the hot deformation of the under study steel are investigated using flow curves and microstructure images obtained from optical microscopy. The results show that the maximum and steady state stresses are significantly affected by the strain rate and the deformation temperature. So that, the flow stress increases with decrease in the deformation temperature and increase in the strain rate. Microstructural studies confirm the occurrence of DRX as a restoration mechanism in the microstructure for the two phases of austenite and ferrite.
P. Shahsavari, B. Eftekhari Yekta, V. Marghussian,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (9-2020)
Abstract
Strong glass-ceramic foams with a compressive strength of 20 MPa were prepared by adding various amounts of Fe2O3 to a soda lime-based glass composition, and SiC as a foaming agent. The foams were prepared by firing the compacted samples in the range of 750–950°C for different soaking times. The crystallization behavior of the samples was investigated by Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), Scanning Electron Microscope, and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD). Based on the results, solid solutions of pyroxene groups were crystallized by the surface mechanism, between 730˚C and 900˚C during the firing of the specimens, and their amounts increases with increasing of the added iron oxide. Besides, we found that Fe2O3 neither acts as a nucleant for pyroxene nor as an oxidizer for SiC. The results also showed that the compressive strength as well as the crystallization behavior of the foams was influenced by the presence of the SiC particles.
M. Azarbarmas,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (12-2020)
Abstract
Mechanical properties of metals are substantially dependent on the microstructure, which can be controlled by thermo-mechanical parameters such as the temperature, strain and strain rate. Hence, understanding the microstructural evolution of alloys during the hot deformation is crucial for engineering the metal forming processes. The main objective of this work is to present an overview of Cellular Automaton (CA) modeling for predicting the microstructure of alloys during the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) phenomenon. In this review paper, first, overall descriptions about the DRX phenomenon and CA modeling were presented. Then, the CA modeling procedure was compared with similar methods. Meanwhile, related studies in the field of the DRX simulation by using the CA modeling were evaluated. Four main stages of the model were analyzed in terms of the “nucleation”, “growth”, “topological changes” and “texture evaluation” steps. Most important limitations including the calibration sensitivity, limitations in continuous DRX modeling, ignoring microstructural effects on the deformation behavior, limited applications and database as well as repeated results were discussed and then objective suggestions for the further development were provided. Finally, future prospects in CA modeling of DRX were presented in the last section.
Hossein Momeni, Sasan Ranjbar Motlagh,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
The present work deals with the hot deformation behavior of commercial Nb alloy C-103 and its microstructure evolution during uniaxial compression tests in the temperature range of 700-1100 °C and the strain rate range of 0.001-0.4 s-1. Strain rate sensitivity, calculated from the compression tests data, was almost constant and showed a negative value in the temperature range of 700-900 °C but increased significantly beyond 900 °C. Dynamic strain aging was found to have a predominant effect up to 900 °C, beyond which dynamic recovery and oxidation influenced the compressive properties. The microstructure of the deformed samples showed indications of dynamic recrystallization within the high strain rate sensitivity domain and features of flow instability in the regime of low strain rate sensitivity. The 950–1000 °C temperature range and strain rate range of 0.001-0.1 s-1 were suggested as suitable hot deformation conditions. The constitutive equation was established to describe the alloy's flow behavior, and the average activation energy for plastic flow was calculated to be 267 kJ/mol.
